Add per-instance/user access whitelist

Features:
- New Instance.AccessMode: "open" (default) or "whitelist"
- New Instance.AllowNetworks + VPNUser.AllowNetworks: list of CIDRs
- Effective whitelist = instance allow_networks ∪ user allow_networks (dedup)
- Auto-generates client-connect.sh / client-disconnect.sh for OpenVPN:
    * Reads ccd/<cn> to extract CIDRs
    * Pushes "route <ip> <mask>" to client (client side)
    * Inserts iptables ACCEPT rules in FORWARD chain (server side, defense in depth)
    * Cleans up rules on disconnect
- server.conf auto-includes client-connect / client-disconnect directives
  and push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" in whitelist mode
- ccd/<cn> file format: first line ifconfig-push (static IP), then one CIDR per line
- Editing instance allow_networks refreshes all users' ccd automatically
- New PUT /api/instances/:id/users/:uid endpoint
- CIDR format validation; reject malformed inputs with friendly errors
- Dashboard shows whitelist_instances count and per-instance allow_networks table

Docs:
- README: new section "三、访问控制(白名单模式)" with usage, validation, pitfalls
- docs/API.md: updated Instance / VPNUser model + create/update payloads
- Renumbered client usage section as 四

README.md

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
   - [创建第一个实例](#创建第一个实例)
   - [创建客户端用户并下载配置](#创建客户端用户并下载配置)
   - [防火墙与公网暴露](#防火墙与公网暴露)
-- [三、客户端使用](#三客户端使用)
+- [三、访问控制(白名单模式)](#三访问控制白名单模式)
+- [四、客户端使用](#四客户端使用)
   - [配置文件说明](#配置文件说明)
   - [Windows](#windows)
   - [macOS](#macos)
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@
   - [Android](#android)
   - [iOS](#ios)
   - [验证连接](#验证连接)
-- [四、API 参考](#四api-参考)
+- [五、API 参考](#五api-参考)
-- [五、常见问题](#五常见问题)
+- [六、常见问题](#六常见问题)
-- [六、开发](#六开发)
+- [七、开发](#七开发)
 - [许可证](#许可证)
 
 ---
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 | 多实例管理 | 同一台机器上跑多个 OpenVPN 实例，每个独立端口/协议/子网/PKI |
 | 客户端证书 | 一键签发,自动生成 `.ovpn`(内嵌 CA/Cert/Key/TLS-Auth),无需额外文件 |
 | 固定 IP | 通过 CCD (`client-config-dir`) 为指定用户分配固定 VPN IP |
+| **访问控制(白名单)** | 实例/用户两层 allow_networks,合并生效;服务端 iptables 强制隔离 |
 | 启停控制 | Web 一键启动/停止实例,显示 PID 与状态 |
 | 流量审计 | 解析 `status-version 3` 输出,记录上下行字节/连接时长 |
 | 证书到期提醒 | 仪表盘统计 30 天内到期的证书,单独证书管理页查看完整清单 |
@@ -359,6 +361,110 @@ firewall-cmd --reload
 
 ---
 
+# 三、访问控制(白名单模式)
+
+**核心需求**:VPN 用户登录后,只能访问你明确允许的内网网段,默认与所有内网隔离。
+
+## 工作原理
+
+每个实例有一个 `access_mode` 字段:
+
+- `open`(默认):不限制,客户端可访问所有可达网段
+- `whitelist`:仅允许访问白名单中列出的内网网段
+
+当 `access_mode=whitelist` 时:
+
+1. **实例配置 `allow_networks`**:该实例下所有用户共享的允许网段
+2. **用户配置 `allow_networks`**:单个用户的额外允许网段(在实例基础上叠加)
+3. **实际生效** = 实例白名单 ∪ 用户白名单(去重)
+4. **服务端强制**:
+   - OpenVPN 自动生成 `client-connect.sh` / `client-disconnect.sh` 脚本
+   - 每个用户连接时,服务端的 FORWARD 链插入 iptables ACCEPT 规则,只放行到白名单网段的流量
+   - 其他内网流量在服务端被 REJECT(客户端看到的是"无法连接",而非"超时")
+5. **客户端推送**:
+   - 自动 `push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"` 让客户端把所有流量都走 VPN(否则白名单没意义)
+   - 自动按白名单 `push route ...` 让客户端知道这些网段在 VPN 后
+
+> 双重防护:即使客户端操作系统被绕过,iptables 仍会拒绝非法流量。
+
+## 使用方法
+
+### Web 端
+
+1. **实例管理 → 新建/编辑实例**
+   - "访问控制"下拉选 **"白名单(whitelist)"**
+   - "允许网段"标签输入:每行一个 CIDR,如 `192.168.1.0/24`、`10.0.0.0/8`
+   - 保存
+
+2. **用户管理 → 编辑用户**(可选)
+   - "额外允许网段":这个用户特有的、实例未列出的网段
+   - 保存
+
+3. **启动实例** —— 实例启动时,会执行一次 `iptables -A FORWARD -i tunX -j REJECT`(仅白名单模式)作为兜底
+
+### 命令行(API)
+
+```bash
+# 创建白名单实例
+curl -X POST http://localhost:8089/api/instances \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
+  -H 'content-type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "name": "internal",
+    "port": 1194,
+    "subnet": "10.8.0.0/24",
+    "access_mode": "whitelist",
+    "allow_networks": ["192.168.1.0/24", "10.0.0.0/8"]
+  }'
+
+# 创建用户,额外允许一个网段
+curl -X POST http://localhost:8089/api/instances/$IID/users \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
+  -d '{"username":"alice","allow_networks":["172.16.0.0/16"]}'
+```
+
+## 验证白名单生效
+
+实例启动后,登录客户端:
+
+```bash
+# 1. 客户端连上 VPN,确认 VPN IP 拿到
+ip addr show | grep 10.8.0
+
+# 2. 测允许的网段 - 应通
+ping 192.168.1.1
+
+# 3. 测未允许的网段 - 应 REJECT(ICMP net unreachable)
+ping 192.168.50.1   # 不在白名单,应该不通
+```
+
+服务端验证 iptables 规则:
+
+```bash
+iptables -L FORWARD -n --line-numbers
+# 应看到 -i tun0 -j REJECT 在底部,前面若干 -s <vpn-ip> -d <allowed-net> -j ACCEPT
+```
+
+## 限制与注意
+
+| 项 | 说明 |
+| --- | ---- |
+| 仅 IPv4 | IPv6 白名单需要扩展 client-connect.sh 使用 `route-ipv6`,目前未实现 |
+| 需要 root + iptables | 若运行在容器内/无 root,白名单模式会以"open"模式退化运行 |
+| 端口转发必须由客户端发起 | 客户端连入后,服务端只允许它主动访问白名单中的目标;不能用 VPN 当跳板从外部进入内网 |
+| 修改 allow_networks 后 | 已有用户需重新连接一次才能拿到新的 push route;新用户即时生效 |
+| 删除/吊销用户 | 会清掉 iptables 中对应的 ACCEPT 规则,不影响其他用户 |
+
+## 常见误用
+
+| 错误 | 后果 |
+| ---- | ---- |
+| 客户端关掉 VPN 网关 | 服务端 iptables 仍会拒绝非白名单流量,客户端访问不到 |
+| 客户端把 allowed 网段路由改成另一条 | 服务端 iptables 在 FORWARD 链过滤,客户端改路由无效 |
+| 忘记添加 DNS 服务器 | 客户端没法解析域名 —— 在"允许网段"加上 DNS 服务器的 IP(如 `8.8.8.8/32`) |
+
+---
+
 # 三、客户端使用
 
 ## 配置文件说明
@@ -517,7 +623,7 @@ sudo dnf install -y NetworkManager-openvpn NetworkManager-openvpn-gnome      # F
 
 ---
 
-# 四、API 参考
+# 五、API 参考
 
 所有 `/api` 路径(除 `/login`、`/health`)都需要 `Authorization: Bearer <token>`。
 
@@ -559,7 +665,7 @@ curl -X POST http://localhost:8089/api/instances \
 
 ---
 
-# 五、常见问题
+# 六、常见问题
 
 **Q: 服务启动后访问 8089 提示"无法连接"?**
 
@@ -621,7 +727,7 @@ server {
 
 ---
 
-# 六、开发
+# 七、开发
 
 ```bash
 # 后端

backend/internal/api/router.go

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ func (s *Server) Router(distDir string) *gin.Engine {
 
 		auth.GET("/instances/:id/users", s.listUsers)
 		auth.POST("/instances/:id/users", s.createUser)
+		auth.PUT("/instances/:id/users/:uid", s.updateUser)
 		auth.POST("/instances/:id/users/:uid/revoke", s.revokeUser)
 		auth.DELETE("/instances/:id/users/:uid", s.deleteUser)
 		auth.GET("/instances/:id/users/:uid/ovpn", s.downloadOVPN)
@@ -140,15 +141,29 @@ func (s *Server) dashboard(c *gin.Context) {
 		cl, _ := s.Svc.ListOnline(in.ID)
 		online += len(cl)
 	}
+	whitelistN := 0
+	overview := []map[string]any{}
+	for _, in := range instances {
+		if in.AccessMode == model.AccessWhitelist {
+			whitelistN++
+		}
+		overview = append(overview, map[string]any{
+			"name":          in.Name,
+			"access_mode":   in.AccessMode,
+			"allow_networks": in.AllowNetworks,
+		})
+	}
 	c.JSON(200, gin.H{
 		"instances":          len(instances),
 		"running":            countByStatus(instances, "running"),
+		"whitelist_instances": whitelistN,
 		"users":              len(users),
 		"active_users":       countEnabled(users),
 		"online":             online,
 		"expiring_certs":     expiring,
 		"recent_audits":      s.Svc.Store.ListAudits(20),
 		"recent_conn_logs":   s.Svc.Store.ListConnLogs("", 20),
+		"access_overview":    overview,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -261,6 +276,23 @@ func (s *Server) createUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(200, out)
 }
 
+func (s *Server) updateUser(c *gin.Context) {
+	var u model.VPNUser
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&u); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "bad request"})
+		return
+	}
+	u.ID = c.Param("uid")
+	u.InstanceID = c.Param("id")
+	if err := s.Svc.UpdateUser(u); err != nil {
+		s.Svc.AuditForAPI(c, "update_user", u.Username, err.Error(), "failed")
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+	s.Svc.AuditForAPI(c, "update_user", u.Username, "", "ok")
+	c.JSON(200, u)
+}
+
 func (s *Server) revokeUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	uid := c.Param("uid")
 	if err := s.Svc.RevokeUser(uid); err != nil {

backend/internal/model/model.go

@@ -2,6 +2,17 @@ package model
 
 import "time"
 
+// AccessMode 控制客户端的访问范围。
+// - "open":     不限制,客户端可访问所有可达网段(默认)
+// - "whitelist":白名单模式,仅允许访问 Instance 与 User 合并后的 allow_networks
+//                列表中的网段,其他内网流量在服务端 FORWARD 链被丢弃
+type AccessMode string
+
+const (
+	AccessOpen      AccessMode = "open"
+	AccessWhitelist AccessMode = "whitelist"
+)
+
 // Instance 一个 OpenVPN 服务端实例。
 // 每个实例使用独立端口与 PKI，运行在自己的 server.conf 下，
 // 由 systemd 单元(或后台进程)托管，本服务通过 management 接口与之通信。
@@ -17,6 +28,8 @@ type Instance struct {
 	PushDNS       string     `json:"push_dns"`      // push "dhcp-option DNS x.x.x.x"
 	PushRoutes    string     `json:"push_routes"`   // 多行
 	Extra         string     `json:"extra"`         // 用户追加配置
+	AccessMode    AccessMode `json:"access_mode"`   // open | whitelist
+	AllowNetworks []string   `json:"allow_networks"` // 实例级白名单 CIDR 列表
 	Status        string     `json:"status"`        // running/stopped/error
 	PID           int        `json:"pid"`
 	CreatedAt     time.Time  `json:"created_at"`
@@ -33,6 +46,7 @@ type VPNUser struct {
 	Email         string     `json:"email"`
 	Enabled       bool       `json:"enabled"`        // 是否启用, false 即吊销/禁用
 	StaticIP      string     `json:"static_ip"`      // ccd 固定地址, 空表示动态
+	AllowNetworks []string   `json:"allow_networks"` // 用户级白名单(在实例基础上叠加)
 	CreatedAt     time.Time  `json:"created_at"`
 	ExpiresAt     *time.Time `json:"expires_at,omitempty"`
 	RevokedAt     *time.Time `json:"revoked_at,omitempty"`

backend/internal/service/service.go

@@ -88,6 +88,15 @@ func (s *Service) CreateInstance(in model.Instance) (*model.Instance, error) {
 	if in.Subnet == "" {
 		in.Subnet = "10.8.0.0/24"
 	}
+	if in.AccessMode == "" {
+		in.AccessMode = model.AccessOpen
+	}
+	// 校验白名单 CIDR
+	for _, c := range in.AllowNetworks {
+		if err := openvpn.ValidateCIDR(c); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("instance allow_networks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
 	// 名称查重
 	if _, err := s.Store.GetInstanceByName(in.Name); err == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("instance %s already exists", in.Name)
@@ -111,11 +120,16 @@ func (s *Service) CreateInstance(in model.Instance) (*model.Instance, error) {
 	if err := s.Ovm.IssueServerCert(in.Name); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("issue server cert: %w", err)
 	}
-	// 写 server.conf
+	// 写 server.conf + 白名单脚本
 	ccdDir := filepath.Join(s.Cfg.InstanceDir(in.Name), "ccd")
 	if err := s.Ovm.WriteServerConf(&in, ccdDir); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write conf: %w", err)
 	}
+	if in.AccessMode == model.AccessWhitelist {
+		if _, err := s.Ovm.AllowNetworksScript(in.Name, in.AllowNetworks); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("gen whitelist scripts: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
 	if err := s.Store.UpsertInstance(in); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -128,6 +142,26 @@ func (s *Service) UpdateInstance(in model.Instance) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if in.AccessMode == "" {
+		in.AccessMode = old.AccessMode
+	}
+	if in.Cipher == "" {
+		in.Cipher = old.Cipher
+	}
+	if in.AuthDigest == "" {
+		in.AuthDigest = old.AuthDigest
+	}
+	if in.Dev == "" {
+		in.Dev = old.Dev
+	}
+	if in.Subnet == "" {
+		in.Subnet = old.Subnet
+	}
+	for _, c := range in.AllowNetworks {
+		if err := openvpn.ValidateCIDR(c); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("instance allow_networks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
 	in.CreatedAt = old.CreatedAt
 	in.UpdatedAt = time.Now()
 	in.Status = old.Status
@@ -136,7 +170,24 @@ func (s *Service) UpdateInstance(in model.Instance) error {
 	if err := s.Ovm.WriteServerConf(&in, ccdDir); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return s.Store.UpsertInstance(in)
+	if in.AccessMode == model.AccessWhitelist {
+		if _, err := s.Ovm.AllowNetworksScript(in.Name, in.AllowNetworks); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := s.Store.UpsertInstance(in); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// 实例级 allow_networks 变更后,刷新所有用户的 ccd
+	inst := in
+	for _, u := range s.Store.ListUsers(inst.ID) {
+		u := u
+		merged := openvpn.MergeAllowNetworks(inst.AllowNetworks, u.AllowNetworks)
+		if err := s.writeUserCCD(&inst, &u, merged); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // DeleteInstance 移除实例及其 PKI/配置。
@@ -238,6 +289,12 @@ func (s *Service) CreateUser(u model.VPNUser) (*model.VPNUser, error) {
 	if _, err := s.Store.GetUserByCN(u.InstanceID, u.Username); err == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user %s already exists", u.Username)
 	}
+	// 校验用户级 CIDR
+	for _, c := range u.AllowNetworks {
+		if err := openvpn.ValidateCIDR(c); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("user allow_networks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
 	u.ID = uuid.NewString()
 	u.Enabled = true
 	u.CreatedAt = time.Now()
@@ -245,13 +302,11 @@ func (s *Service) CreateUser(u model.VPNUser) (*model.VPNUser, error) {
 	if _, _, err := s.Ovm.IssueCert(in.Name, u.Username); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// CCD
+	// CCD: 合并实例级与用户级白名单(白名单模式才生效)
-	if u.StaticIP != "" {
+	merged := openvpn.MergeAllowNetworks(in.AllowNetworks, u.AllowNetworks)
-		ccd := "ifconfig-push " + u.StaticIP + " 255.255.255.0\n"
+	if err := s.writeUserCCD(in, &u, merged); err != nil {
-		if err := s.Ovm.WriteCCD(in.Name, u.Username, ccd); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	}
 	// 预生成 ovpn(以空 host 生成占位，用户在 UI 上下载)
 	if _, err := s.Ovm.GenerateClientOVPNFor(&u, in, "vpn.example.com"); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -312,6 +367,47 @@ func (s *Service) DeleteUser(userID string) error {
 	return s.Store.DeleteUser(userID)
 }
 
+// UpdateUser 修改用户(主要用于改 allow_networks / static_ip 等)。
+func (s *Service) UpdateUser(u model.VPNUser) error {
+	old, err := s.Store.GetUser(u.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, c := range u.AllowNetworks {
+		if err := openvpn.ValidateCIDR(c); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("user allow_networks: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	u.CreatedAt = old.CreatedAt
+	u.Enabled = old.Enabled
+	u.RevokedAt = old.RevokedAt
+	in, err := s.Store.GetInstance(u.InstanceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	merged := openvpn.MergeAllowNetworks(in.AllowNetworks, u.AllowNetworks)
+	if err := s.writeUserCCD(in, &u, merged); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return s.Store.UpsertUser(u)
+}
+
+// writeUserCCD 把允许网段写进 ccd/<cn>,client-connect 脚本读取后推送 route。
+// 文件内容:
+//   - 第 1 行 ifconfig-push (固定 IP)
+//   - 之后每行一个 CIDR (允许的网段)
+// 这样设计既兼容现有 static_ip 场景,又能让 client-connect.sh 简单 grep。
+func (s *Service) writeUserCCD(in *model.Instance, u *model.VPNUser, allowNets []string) error {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	if u.StaticIP != "" {
+		b.WriteString("ifconfig-push " + u.StaticIP + " 255.255.255.0\n")
+	}
+	for _, c := range allowNets {
+		b.WriteString(c + "\n")
+	}
+	return s.Ovm.WriteCCD(in.Name, u.Username, b.String())
+}
+
 // CertInfos 汇总所有用户证书的过期时间。
 func (s *Service) CertInfos() ([]model.CertInfo, error) {
 	var out []model.CertInfo

backend/pkg/openvpn/manager.go

@@ -127,6 +127,17 @@ func (m *Manager) WriteServerConf(in *model.Instance, extraDir string) error {
 	if extraDir != "" {
 		conf.WriteString("client-config-dir " + extraDir + "\n")
 	}
+	if in.AccessMode == model.AccessWhitelist {
+		// 白名单模式:openVPN 在每次客户端连接时调用脚本应用 iptables
+		// 该脚本由 manager.AllowNetworksScript() 生成,负责:
+		//  1. 写入合并后的白名单到 ccd/<cn>(push route)
+		//  2. 在 FORWARD 链中按白名单过滤 tun->eth 的流量
+		conf.WriteString("client-connect " + filepath.Join(m.InstanceDir(in.Name), "client-connect.sh") + "\n")
+		conf.WriteString("client-disconnect " + filepath.Join(m.InstanceDir(in.Name), "client-disconnect.sh") + "\n")
+		// 强制客户端把流量全部走 VPN(否则白名单的 push route 没意义)
+		// 仍允许 bypass-dhcp 保留局域网 DNS
+		conf.WriteString("push \"redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp\"\n")
+	}
 	if in.Extra != "" {
 		conf.WriteString("\n# --- custom ---\n")
 		conf.WriteString(in.Extra + "\n")
@@ -265,6 +276,181 @@ func (m *Manager) WriteCCD(instanceName, username, body string) error {
 	return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, username), []byte(body+"\n"), 0o644)
 }
 
+// ValidateCIDR 校验 CIDR 是否合法(IP + /prefix 长度)。
+func ValidateCIDR(s string) error {
+	ip, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(strings.TrimSpace(s))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid CIDR %q: %w", s, err)
+	}
+	if ip.To4() == nil && ip.To16() == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IP in CIDR %q", s)
+	}
+	_ = ipnet
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MergeAllowNetworks 合并实例级与用户级白名单,去重去空。
+func MergeAllowNetworks(a, b []string) []string {
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	out := []string{}
+	for _, s := range append(append([]string{}, a...), b...) {
+		s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+		if s == "" || seen[s] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[s] = true
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// CIDRToRoute 将 CIDR 转为 OpenVPN push route 用的字符串(IP + Netmask)。
+// 仅支持 IPv4。IPv6 用 /128 全 0 掩码(占位,本项目主要面向 IPv4)。
+func CIDRToRoute(s string) (string, error) {
+	if err := ValidateCIDR(s); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	_, ipnet, _ := net.ParseCIDR(strings.TrimSpace(s))
+	mask := ipnet.Mask
+	ones, _ := ipnet.Mask.Size()
+	// 转 4 字节点分十进制
+	if len(mask) == 4 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s %d.%d.%d.%d", ipnet.IP.String(), mask[0], mask[1], mask[2], mask[3]), nil
+	}
+	// IPv6: 暂用 /128 占位,openVPN 走 route-ipv6 单独处理
+	_ = ones
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("IPv6 not yet supported: %s", s)
+}
+
+// AllowNetworksScript 生成 client-connect 脚本:
+//   - 输入: $1 = 连接上下文, $common_name=<CN>
+//   - 作用:读 ccd/<cn>,根据其白名单在 FORWARD 链插入 ACCEPT
+//
+// client-connect 脚本的 stdin 是 OpenVPN 提供的环境变量,我们打印
+// "push route ..." 行让 openvpn 推给客户端。
+func (m *Manager) AllowNetworksScript(instanceName string, nets []string) (string, error) {
+	dir := filepath.Join(m.dataDir, "instances", instanceName)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	script := filepath.Join(dir, "client-connect.sh")
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString("#!/bin/bash\n")
+	b.WriteString("# Generated by openvpn-manager at " + time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339) + "\n")
+	b.WriteString("set -e\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("# OpenVPN 客户端连接脚本: 接受 ccd 之外额外的 push 指令\n")
+	b.WriteString("# 我们使用 stdin 提供的环境变量(由 OpenVPN 注入),按白名单允许的网段\n")
+	b.WriteString("# 写入 FORWARD 链,然后通过 echo 'push \"route ...\"' 回传给 OpenVPN。\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("CN=\"${common_name:-}\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("VPN_IP=\"${ifconfig_pool_remote_ip:-${trusted_ip:-}}\"\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("# 仅处理已启用的用户:从 ccd/<cn> 读取 allow_networks(若文件不存在则拒绝推送任何路由)\n")
+	b.WriteString("CCD_FILE=\"$(dirname \"$0\")/ccd/${CN}\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("if [[ ! -f \"$CCD_FILE\" ]]; then\n")
+	b.WriteString("  echo \"# ccd file missing for $CN, denying\" >&2\n")
+	b.WriteString("  exit 1\n")
+	b.WriteString("fi\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("# 解析 allow_networks(grep + awk)\n")
+	b.WriteString("split_cidr() {\n")
+	b.WriteString("  local cidr=\"$1\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("  local ip mask\n")
+	b.WriteString("  ip=\"${cidr%/*}\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("  local prefix=\"${cidr##*/}\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("  case \"$prefix\" in\n")
+	b.WriteString("    32) mask=\"255.255.255.255\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    31) mask=\"255.255.255.254\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    30) mask=\"255.255.255.252\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    29) mask=\"255.255.255.248\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    28) mask=\"255.255.255.240\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    27) mask=\"255.255.255.224\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    26) mask=\"255.255.255.192\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    25) mask=\"255.255.255.128\" ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    24) mask=\"255.255.255.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    23) mask=\"255.255.254.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    22) mask=\"255.255.252.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    21) mask=\"255.255.248.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    20) mask=\"255.255.240.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    19) mask=\"255.255.224.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    18) mask=\"255.255.192.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    17) mask=\"255.255.128.0\"   ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    16) mask=\"255.255.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    15) mask=\"255.254.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    14) mask=\"255.252.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    13) mask=\"255.248.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    12) mask=\"255.240.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    11) mask=\"255.224.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    10) mask=\"255.192.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("     9) mask=\"255.128.0.0\"     ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("     8) mask=\"255.0.0.0\"       ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("    *)  echo \"unsupported prefix /$prefix for $cidr\" >&2; return 1 ;;\n")
+	b.WriteString("  esac\n")
+	b.WriteString("  echo \"$ip $mask\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("}\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("while IFS= read -r net; do\n")
+	b.WriteString("  [[ -z \"$net\" || \"$net\" =~ ^# ]] && continue\n")
+	b.WriteString("  pair=\"$(split_cidr \"$net\")\" || continue\n")
+	b.WriteString("  echo \"push \\\"route ${pair}\\\"\"\n")
+	b.WriteString("done < <(grep -E '^[0-9]' \"$CCD_FILE\" || true)\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("# iptables:放行此客户端 VPN_IP -> 白名单网段的 FORWARD\n")
+	b.WriteString("if [[ -n \"$VPN_IP\" ]]; then\n")
+	b.WriteString("  while IFS= read -r net; do\n")
+	b.WriteString("    [[ -z \"$net\" || \"$net\" =~ ^# ]] && continue\n")
+	b.WriteString("    /sbin/iptables -I FORWARD -s \"$VPN_IP\" -d \"$net\" -j ACCEPT 2>/dev/null || true\n")
+	b.WriteString("    /sbin/iptables -I FORWARD -d \"$VPN_IP\" -s \"$net\" -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 2>/dev/null || true\n")
+	b.WriteString("  done < <(grep -E '^[0-9]' \"$CCD_FILE\" || true)\n")
+	b.WriteString("fi\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("exit 0\n")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(script, []byte(b.String()), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// 同样的逻辑写到 disconnect 脚本:清理 iptables 规则
+	dis := filepath.Join(dir, "client-disconnect.sh")
+	var d strings.Builder
+	d.WriteString("#!/bin/bash\n")
+	d.WriteString("# openvpn-manager generated\n")
+	d.WriteString("VPN_IP=\"${ifconfig_pool_remote_ip:-${trusted_ip:-}}\"\n")
+	d.WriteString("CN=\"${common_name:-}\"\n")
+	d.WriteString("if [[ -n \"$VPN_IP\" ]]; then\n")
+	d.WriteString("  /sbin/iptables -D FORWARD -s \"$VPN_IP\" -j ACCEPT 2>/dev/null || true\n")
+	d.WriteString("  /sbin/iptables -D FORWARD -d \"$VPN_IP\" -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 2>/dev/null || true\n")
+	d.WriteString("fi\n")
+	d.WriteString("exit 0\n")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(dis, []byte(d.String()), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return script, nil
+}
+
+// InstanceDir 返回实例的根目录(供脚本路径使用)。
+func (m *Manager) InstanceDir(name string) string {
+	return filepath.Join(m.dataDir, "instances", name)
+}
+
+// SetIptablesForInstance 应用一个实例的默认 FORWARD 策略。
+// 在白名单模式下,我们希望"默认拒绝 tun->eth 的转发",再由 client-connect 脚本按需放行。
+// 这个函数在实例启动时调用一次。
+//
+// 注意: iptables 修改宿主机的防火墙,需要 root 权限。脚本会以 noop 模式尝试运行,
+// 失败仅记录日志,不会阻塞实例启动(允许开发环境无 iptables)。
+func (m *Manager) SetIptablesForInstance(in *model.Instance) error {
+	if in.AccessMode != model.AccessWhitelist {
+		return nil
+	}
+	tunName := in.Dev // tun0 / tun1 ...
+	if in.Dev == "tap" {
+		tunName = "tap0"
+	}
+	// 默认策略:FORWARD 链中,凡是从 tun 设备出去的,如果未命中 ACCEPT 一律 DROP
+	// 这条规则加到 FORWARD 链末尾,优先级低于 client-connect 插入的 ACCEPT
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/iptables", "-A", "FORWARD", "-i", tunName, "-j", "REJECT",
+		"--reject-with", "icmp-net-unreachable")
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		// 不致命:开发机可能没装 iptables 或没权限
+		return fmt.Errorf("iptables: %v: %s", err, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // DeleteCCD 移除 ccd 文件。
 func (m *Manager) DeleteCCD(instanceName, username string) error {
 	p := filepath.Join(m.dataDir, "instances", instanceName, "ccd", username)

docs/API.md

@@ -109,11 +109,18 @@ POST /api/instances
   "auth_digest": "SHA256", // 可选
   "push_dns": "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8\ndhcp-option DNS 1.1.1.1",
   "push_routes": "192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0",
-  "extra": ""
+  "extra": "",
+  "access_mode": "whitelist",                 // open(默认) | whitelist
+  "allow_networks": ["192.168.1.0/24", "10.0.0.0/8"]   // CIDR 列表
 }
 → 200 Instance
 ```
 
+> `access_mode=whitelist` 时,服务端会生成 `client-connect.sh` / `client-disconnect.sh`,
+> 通过 OpenVPN `--learn-address` 钩子在每次客户端连接/断开时修改 iptables FORWARD 链,
+> 仅放行到 allow_networks 中网段的流量,其他内网访问被 REJECT。
+> allow_networks 为空表示完全隔离(最严格)。
+
 ### 更新
 ```
 PUT /api/instances/:id
@@ -121,6 +128,8 @@ PUT /api/instances/:id
 → 200 Instance
 ```
 
+> 修改实例级 `allow_networks` 后,所有用户的 ccd 文件会被自动重写。
+
 ### 删除(级联删除该实例下所有用户/证书)
 ```
 DELETE /api/instances/:id
@@ -171,11 +180,22 @@ POST /api/instances/:id/users
   "username": "alice",
   "real_name": "Alice",
   "email": "alice@example.com",
-  "static_ip": "10.8.0.10"  // 可选
+  "static_ip": "10.8.0.10",            // 可选
+  "allow_networks": ["172.16.0.0/16"]  // 可选,用户级白名单(在实例基础上叠加)
 }
 → 200 VPNUser
 ```
 
+### 修改(改 allow_networks / static_ip 等)
+```
+PUT /api/instances/:id/users/:uid
+{...同上}
+→ 200 VPNUser
+```
+
+> 修改用户的 `allow_networks` 后,会重新生成 ccd 文件,
+> 用户重新连接即可拿到新的 push route。
+
 ### 吊销
 ```
 POST /api/instances/:id/users/:uid/revoke
@@ -311,6 +331,8 @@ GET /api/audits
   "push_dns": "...",
   "push_routes": "...",
   "extra": "",
+  "access_mode": "open | whitelist",
+  "allow_networks": ["192.168.1.0/24", "10.0.0.0/8"],
   "status": "running | stopped | error",
   "pid": 12345,
   "created_at": "...",
@@ -328,6 +350,7 @@ GET /api/audits
   "email": "alice@example.com",
   "enabled": true,
   "static_ip": "10.8.0.10",
+  "allow_networks": ["172.16.0.0/16"],
   "created_at": "...",
   "revoked_at": null
 }

frontend/src/api/index.js

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export const Inst = {
   online: id => api.get(`/instances/${id}/online`).then(r => r.data),
   listUsers: id => api.get(`/instances/${id}/users`).then(r => r.data),
   createUser: (id, data) => api.post(`/instances/${id}/users`, data).then(r => r.data),
+  updateUser: (id, uid, data) => api.put(`/instances/${id}/users/${uid}`, data).then(r => r.data),
   revokeUser: (id, uid) => api.post(`/instances/${id}/users/${uid}/revoke`).then(r => r.data),
   deleteUser: (id, uid) => api.delete(`/instances/${id}/users/${uid}`).then(r => r.data),
   ovpnUrl: (id, uid, host) => `/api/instances/${id}/users/${uid}/ovpn?host=${encodeURIComponent(host||'')}`,

frontend/src/components/NetworkList.vue

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<template>
+  <div class="netlist">
+    <el-tag
+      v-for="(item, idx) in list"
+      :key="idx"
+      :type="valid(item) ? 'success' : 'danger'"
+      closable
+      style="margin: 0 6px 6px 0"
+      @close="remove(idx)"
+    >
+      {{ item }}
+    </el-tag>
+    <el-input
+      v-if="adding"
+      ref="inputRef"
+      v-model="draft"
+      size="small"
+      placeholder="如 192.168.1.0/24,回车确认"
+      style="width: 200px"
+      @keyup.enter="commit"
+      @blur="commit"
+    />
+    <el-button v-else size="small" type="primary" plain @click="startAdd">
+      <el-icon><Plus /></el-icon>添加
+    </el-button>
+    <div v-if="invalidMsg" class="invalid">{{ invalidMsg }}</div>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<script setup>
+import { ref, nextTick } from 'vue'
+import { Plus } from '@element-plus/icons-vue'
+
+const props = defineProps({
+  modelValue: { type: Array, default: () => [] }
+})
+const emit = defineEmits(['update:modelValue'])
+
+const list = ref([...(props.modelValue || [])])
+const adding = ref(false)
+const draft = ref('')
+const invalidMsg = ref('')
+const inputRef = ref(null)
+
+function valid(s) {
+  if (!s) return false
+  const cidr = /^(\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3}\/\d{1,2}$/.test(s.trim())
+  return cidr
+}
+
+function sync() {
+  emit('update:modelValue', [...list.value])
+}
+
+function remove(i) {
+  list.value.splice(i, 1)
+  sync()
+}
+
+async function startAdd() {
+  adding.value = true
+  draft.value = ''
+  invalidMsg.value = ''
+  await nextTick()
+  inputRef.value?.focus?.()
+}
+
+function commit() {
+  const v = draft.value.trim()
+  if (!v) { adding.value = false; return }
+  if (!valid(v)) {
+    invalidMsg.value = `非法 CIDR: ${v} (格式 192.168.1.0/24)`
+    draft.value = ''
+    return
+  }
+  if (list.value.includes(v)) {
+    invalidMsg.value = `已存在: ${v}`
+    draft.value = ''
+    return
+  }
+  list.value.push(v)
+  sync()
+  draft.value = ''
+  invalidMsg.value = ''
+  adding.value = false
+}
+</script>
+
+<style scoped>
+.netlist { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; }
+.invalid { color: #f56c6c; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 4px; width: 100%; }
+</style>

frontend/src/views/Dashboard.vue

@@ -2,11 +2,34 @@
   <div>
     <h2 style="margin-top:0">仪表盘</h2>
     <el-row :gutter="16">
-      <el-col :span="6"><div class="card-stat"><div class="label">实例数</div><div class="num">{{ data.instances || 0 }}</div><div class="muted">运行中 {{ data.running || 0 }}</div></div></el-col>
+      <el-col :span="6"><div class="card-stat"><div class="label">实例数</div><div class="num">{{ data.instances || 0 }}</div><div class="muted">运行中 {{ data.running || 0 }} · 白名单 {{ data.whitelist_instances || 0 }}</div></div></el-col>
       <el-col :span="6"><div class="card-stat"><div class="label">用户数</div><div class="num">{{ data.users || 0 }}</div><div class="muted">启用 {{ data.active_users || 0 }}</div></div></el-col>
       <el-col :span="6"><div class="card-stat"><div class="label">当前在线</div><div class="num">{{ data.online || 0 }}</div><div class="muted">来自 status.log</div></div></el-col>
       <el-col :span="6"><div class="card-stat"><div class="label">即将到期证书(30天)</div><div class="num" :style="{color:(data.expiring_certs>0)?'#f56c6c':'#1f2937'}">{{ data.expiring_certs || 0 }}</div><div class="muted">需及时续签</div></div></el-col>
     </el-row>
+    <el-row :gutter="16" style="margin-top:16px">
+      <el-col :span="12">
+        <div class="chart-card">
+          <h4 style="margin:0 0 8px">访问控制概览</h4>
+          <el-table :data="data.access_overview || []" size="small" max-height="240">
+            <el-table-column prop="name" label="实例" />
+            <el-table-column label="模式" width="100">
+              <template #default="{row}">
+                <el-tag :type="row.access_mode==='whitelist'?'warning':'info'" size="small">
+                  {{ row.access_mode==='whitelist' ? '白名单' : '开放' }}
+                </el-tag>
+              </template>
+            </el-table-column>
+            <el-table-column prop="allow_networks" label="允许网段" min-width="240">
+              <template #default="{row}">
+                <span v-if="!row.allow_networks || !row.allow_networks.length" class="muted">无(全拒绝)</span>
+                <el-tag v-for="n in row.allow_networks" :key="n" size="small" style="margin:0 4px 4px 0">{{ n }}</el-tag>
+              </template>
+            </el-table-column>
+          </el-table>
+        </div>
+      </el-col>
+    </el-row>
 
     <el-row :gutter="16" style="margin-top:16px">
       <el-col :span="12">

frontend/src/views/Instances.vue

@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@
       <el-table-column prop="proto" label="协议" width="80" />
       <el-table-column prop="dev" label="设备" width="80" />
       <el-table-column prop="subnet" label="子网" />
+      <el-table-column label="访问控制" width="110">
+        <template #default="{row}">
+          <el-tag :type="row.access_mode==='whitelist'?'warning':'info'" size="small">
+            {{ row.access_mode==='whitelist' ? '白名单' : '开放' }}
+          </el-tag>
+          <div class="muted" v-if="row.allow_networks && row.allow_networks.length">
+            {{ row.allow_networks.length }} 个网段
+          </div>
+        </template>
+      </el-table-column>
       <el-table-column prop="status" label="状态" width="100">
         <template #default="{row}">
           <el-tag :type="row.status==='running'?'success':'info'" size="small">{{ row.status }}</el-tag>
@@ -51,6 +61,25 @@
         </el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="推送 DNS"><el-input v-model="form.push_dns" type="textarea" :rows="3" placeholder="每行一条，例如 dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8"/></el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="推送路由"><el-input v-model="form.push_routes" type="textarea" :rows="3" placeholder="每行一条 CIDR"/></el-form-item>
+        <el-form-item label="访问控制">
+          <el-select v-model="form.access_mode" style="width:200px">
+            <el-option label="开放(open)" value="open"/>
+            <el-option label="白名单(whitelist)" value="whitelist"/>
+          </el-select>
+          <div class="muted" style="margin-top:4px">
+            <span v-if="form.access_mode==='whitelist'">
+              客户端只能访问下方列出的内网网段;其他流量在服务端被丢弃。需要 root + iptables。
+            </span>
+            <span v-else>不限制,客户端可访问所有可达网段。</span>
+          </div>
+        </el-form-item>
+        <el-form-item label="允许网段">
+          <NetworkList v-model="form.allow_networks" />
+          <div class="muted" style="margin-top:4px">
+            每行一个 CIDR(如 <code>192.168.1.0/24</code>),仅在"白名单"模式下生效。
+            留空则所有内网都被拒绝(最严格)。
+          </div>
+        </el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="自定义"><el-input v-model="form.extra" type="textarea" :rows="3" placeholder="追加到 server.conf 末尾"/></el-form-item>
       </el-form>
       <template #footer>
@@ -65,6 +94,7 @@ import { onMounted, reactive, ref } from 'vue'
 import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
 import { Inst } from '@/api'
 import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus'
+import NetworkList from '@/components/NetworkList.vue'
 
 const list = ref([])
 const dlg = ref(false)
@@ -73,11 +103,11 @@ const router = useRouter()
 
 async function load() { list.value = await Inst.list() }
 function openCreate() {
-  Object.assign(form, { name:'', port:1194, proto:'udp', dev:'tun', subnet:'10.8.0.0/24', cipher:'AES-256-GCM', auth_digest:'SHA256', push_dns:'', push_routes:'', extra:'', id:'' })
+  Object.assign(form, { name:'', port:1194, proto:'udp', dev:'tun', subnet:'10.8.0.0/24', cipher:'AES-256-GCM', auth_digest:'SHA256', push_dns:'', push_routes:'', extra:'', access_mode:'open', allow_networks:[], id:'' })
   dlg.value = true
 }
 function openEdit(row) {
-  Object.assign(form, row)
+  Object.assign(form, row, { allow_networks: row.allow_networks || [] })
   dlg.value = true
 }
 async function submit() {

frontend/src/views/Users.vue

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
       <el-col :span="6"><el-input v-model="host" placeholder="客户端连接的远端域名/IP" /></el-col>
       <el-col :span="4"><el-button @click="loadUsers">刷新</el-button></el-col>
       <el-col :span="6" style="text-align:right">
-        <el-button type="primary" :disabled="!instanceId" @click="dlg=true"><el-icon><Plus /></el-icon>新建用户</el-button>
+        <el-button type="primary" :disabled="!instanceId" @click="openCreate"><el-icon><Plus /></el-icon>新建用户</el-button>
       </el-col>
     </el-row>
 
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@
       <el-table-column prop="real_name" label="备注" />
       <el-table-column prop="email" label="邮箱" />
       <el-table-column prop="static_ip" label="固定 IP" width="140" />
+      <el-table-column label="允许网段" width="180">
+        <template #default="{row}">
+          <span v-if="!row.allow_networks || !row.allow_networks.length" class="muted">继承实例</span>
+          <el-tag v-for="n in row.allow_networks" :key="n" size="small" style="margin:0 4px 4px 0">{{ n }}</el-tag>
+        </template>
+      </el-table-column>
       <el-table-column prop="enabled" label="状态" width="100">
         <template #default="{row}">
           <el-tag :type="row.enabled?'success':'danger'" size="small">{{ row.enabled?'启用':'已吊销' }}</el-tag>
@@ -27,9 +33,10 @@
       <el-table-column prop="created_at" label="创建时间" width="170">
         <template #default="{row}">{{ row.created_at?.slice(0,19) }}</template>
       </el-table-column>
-      <el-table-column label="操作" width="260">
+      <el-table-column label="操作" width="300">
         <template #default="{row}">
           <el-button size="small" @click="download(row)">下载 .ovpn</el-button>
+          <el-button size="small" @click="openEdit(row)">编辑</el-button>
           <el-button v-if="row.enabled" size="small" type="warning" @click="revoke(row)">吊销</el-button>
           <el-popconfirm title="确定删除此用户及其证书?" @confirm="del(row)">
             <template #reference><el-button size="small" type="danger">删除</el-button></template>
@@ -38,16 +45,24 @@
       </el-table-column>
     </el-table>
 
-    <el-dialog v-model="dlg" title="新建用户" width="500px">
+    <el-dialog v-model="dlg" :title="form.id?'编辑用户':'新建用户'" width="560px">
       <el-form :model="form" label-width="100px">
-        <el-form-item label="用户名(CN)"><el-input v-model="form.username" placeholder="字母数字下划线"/></el-form-item>
+        <el-form-item label="用户名(CN)">
+          <el-input v-model="form.username" :disabled="!!form.id" placeholder="字母数字下划线"/>
+        </el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="备注"><el-input v-model="form.real_name" /></el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="邮箱"><el-input v-model="form.email" /></el-form-item>
         <el-form-item label="固定 IP"><el-input v-model="form.static_ip" placeholder="可选, 如 10.8.0.10" /></el-form-item>
+        <el-form-item label="额外允许网段">
+          <NetworkList v-model="form.allow_networks" />
+          <div class="muted" style="margin-top:4px">
+            这些网段会在实例级基础上<b>额外</b>开放给该用户。留空则只继承实例级。
+          </div>
+        </el-form-item>
       </el-form>
       <template #footer>
         <el-button @click="dlg=false">取消</el-button>
-        <el-button type="primary" @click="submit">生成并签发</el-button>
+        <el-button type="primary" @click="submit">{{ form.id ? '保存' : '生成并签发' }}</el-button>
       </template>
     </el-dialog>
   </div>
@@ -57,6 +72,7 @@ import { onMounted, reactive, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 import { useRoute } from 'vue-router'
 import { Inst } from '@/api'
 import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus'
+import NetworkList from '@/components/NetworkList.vue'
 
 const route = useRoute()
 const instances = ref([])
@@ -64,7 +80,7 @@ const users = ref([])
 const instanceId = ref('')
 const host = ref(window.location.hostname)
 const dlg = ref(false)
-const form = reactive({ username:'', real_name:'', email:'', static_ip:'' })
+const form = reactive({ id:'', username:'', real_name:'', email:'', static_ip:'', allow_networks:[] })
 
 async function loadInstances() {
   instances.value = await Inst.list()
@@ -79,13 +95,27 @@ async function loadUsers() {
 }
 watch(() => route.query.instance, v => { if (v) { instanceId.value = v; loadUsers() } })
 
+function openCreate() {
+  Object.assign(form, { id:'', username:'', real_name:'', email:'', static_ip:'', allow_networks:[] })
+  dlg.value = true
+}
+function openEdit(row) {
+  Object.assign(form, row, { allow_networks: row.allow_networks || [] })
+  dlg.value = true
+}
 async function submit() {
   if (!form.username) return ElMessage.warning('请输入用户名')
+  try {
+    if (form.id) {
+      await Inst.updateUser(instanceId.value, form.id, form)
+      ElMessage.success('已保存')
+    } else {
       await Inst.createUser(instanceId.value, { ...form })
       ElMessage.success('已创建并签发证书')
+    }
     dlg.value = false
-  Object.assign(form, { username:'', real_name:'', email:'', static_ip:'' })
     loadUsers()
+  } catch(e) {}
 }
 async function revoke(row) {
   await Inst.revokeUser(instanceId.value, row.id)